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Work Definition, Formula, & Units While all these words mean "activity involving effort or exertion," work may imply activity of body, of mind, of a machine, or of a natural force. W Physics The transfer of energy from one physical system to another, especially the application of a force to move a body in a certain direction. It is calculated as the product of the force and the distance over which it is applied and is expressed in joules, ergs, and foot-pounds. When a force component is perpendicular to the displacement of the object , no work is done, since the cosine of 90° is zero. Thus, no work can be performed by gravity on a planet with a circular orbit . For example, in the case of a slope plus gravity, the object is stuck to the slope and, when attached to a taut string, it cannot move in an outwards direction to make the string any 'tauter'. It eliminates all displacements in that direction, that is, the velocity in the direction of the constraint is l